In the following guest post, Peter Gillon and Eric Gold of the Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman law firm take a look at one of important drop down features of Side A DIC insurance coverage, the coverage that is triggered when an underlying carrier denies coverage. I would like to thank Peter and Eric for their willingness to allow me to publish their article as a guest post on this site. I welcome guest post submissions from responsible authors on topics of interest to this site’s readers. Please contact me directly if you would like to submit a guest post. Here is Peter and Eric’s guest post.
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A great deal of premium exchanges hands to buy the Difference in Condition (DIC) or “drop-down” component of excess Side A DIC coverage. Yet policyholders, brokers, and to a large extent, D&O liability carriers, have surprisingly little understanding of just how that standard coverage feature is triggered—or how it works in practice. Recent experience with the drop-down provision suggests that it can be a highly valuable tool to help resolve disputes in which one or more carriers is refusing to meet its coverage obligations. But triggering the coverage is fraught with difficulties.
To review, a Side A DIC policy typically sits excess of a traditional Side ABC D&O policy, providing an additional layer of protection and limits for individual directors and officers, which cannot be consumed by claims against the insured entity via Side B (indemnifiable claims) and Side C (direct claims against the entity). It is intended to fill in several important gaps for individual D’s & O’s:
- It provides excess Side A D&O insurance when a company’s traditional Side ABC tower is exhausted or is voided due to rescission.
- It provides excess coverage to D’s and O’s when their company is unwilling, or financially unable, to advance or indemnify the cost of defending a claim, or satisfying a judgment or settlement of a claim, such as in the case of a bankruptcy liquidation.
- It drops down to provide defense and indemnity when underlying policies exclude coverage, based on, g., an “insured versus insured” exclusion or a “pollution exclusion,” and the insured entity fails or is unable to provide indemnity.
- It drops down to pay a claim that is not indemnifiable by the corporate entity, such as in a derivative suit, where an underlying insurer rightly or wrongly fails or refuses to pay, attempts to rescind coverage, or becomes insolvent.
It is with respect to the fourth category—where the Side A DIC policy is designed to immediately fill in for underlying carriers when they fail or refuse to pay in a derivative action—that this coverage is particularly interesting.
No indemnification for derivative actions.
By way of background, standard corporate by-laws, reflecting State corporate laws, prohibit indemnification of a corporate director or officer with respect to derivative claims, i.e., claims brought derivatively in the name of the corporation against such individuals:
Section X.02. Power to Indemnify in Actions, Suits or Proceedings by or in the Right of the Corporation. Subject to Section X.03, the Corporation shall indemnify any person who was or is a party or is threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending or completed action or suit by or in the right of the Corporation to procure a judgment in its favor by reason of the fact that such person is or was a Director or officer of the Corporation, or is or was a Director or officer of the Corporation serving at the request of the Corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise, against expenses (including attorneys’ fees) actually and reasonably incurred by such person in connection with the defense or settlement of such action or suit if such person acted in good faith and in a manner such person reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the Corporation; except that no indemnification shall be made in respect of any claim, issue or matter as to which such person shall have been adjudged to be liable to the Corporation unless and only to the extent that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware or the court in which such action or suit was brought shall determine upon application that, despite the adjudication of liability but in view of all the circumstances of the case, such person is fairly and reasonably entitled to indemnity for such expenses which the Court of Chancery or such other court shall deem proper.
(Emphasis supplied). This provision quotes the language of Delaware Corporate Code Section 145(b) in all material respects.[i] The prohibition on indemnifying corporate D’s and O’s against derivative claims avoids the circularity of a company having to indemnify the defendants against the company’s own claims. Because D’s and O’s cannot be indemnified by their company for derivative claims, insurance for such claims is extremely important. And any potential gaps must be insured. Thus the need for Side A DIC coverage.
Triggering Language under Side A DIC Policies
One of the pioneers of the excess Side A DIC market is CODA, a division of Ace (now Chubb), and its policy wording serves as a useful reference. The Insuring Agreement in the CODA Premier policy form insures “any portion of . . . Loss” that insureds are legally obligated to pay due to Claims first made during the policy period that “is not paid under the Underlying Insurance” because the “insurer(s) of the Underlying Insurance:
- refuses in writing to indemnify the INSUREDS; or
- fails to indemnify the INSUREDS within sixty (60) days after a written request by or on behalf of the INSUREDS for such indemnification.”
See Policy, at 1.[ii]
This is the “drop-down” or DIC feature of the policy, and it makes clear that coverage can be triggered automatically and immediately by (i) a failure of an underlying D&O insurer, including any member of a Side ABC tower, to agree to a written demand for indemnity within sixty (60) days, or (ii) by any outright declination in writing of a request for indemnity. This immediate and automatic drop-down provision is designed to protect the individual D’s and O’s when they need it most, such as when a settlement has been reached in the underlying litigation and carrier funding, or assurance of funding, is critical to the settlement.
The 60 day window for the underlying carrier to step up and indemnify the insureds can be particularly helpful if, for example, a Side ABC carrier takes the position that a proposed settlement is “unreasonable,” and declines to provide consent. In that case, the policyholder may issue a written request to the recalcitrant carrier for indemnity, and if indemnity is not provided within 60 days, the Side A DIC carrier may be asked to fill in the gap.
Of course, if the Side A DIC carrier meets its obligations and drops down to provide coverage, it then has a right of subrogation against the recalcitrant underlying carrier. I like to call this the “cramdown” provision, because once the DIC coverage is called upon, the Side A DIC carrier has a huge incentive to use all tools at its disposal to force the underlying carrier to reverse its declination and pay. In practice, as a result of this “cramdown” pressure, the Side A DIC carrier may persuade the underlying carrier to pay, in order to obviate any payment obligation. This may not be the case where the underlying carrier has a valid defense to coverage. It is not difficult to imagine the heated negotiations that ensue when the Side A DIC carrier is asked to fill in for a solvent, underlying Side ABC carrier—regardless of the reason.
Practical Considerations
A number of issues may arise when a policyholder is considering declaring a DIC event and calling on its Side A DIC coverage.
First, when is the claim actually ripe? Frequently, coverage disputes will arise long before an underlying action is adjudicated or settlement negotiations are completed. An underlying Side ABC carrier may reserve rights to object to a final settlement on a number of grounds without actually “refusing to indemnify,” leading to uncertainty as to whether that coverage will be available, yet falling short of the concrete, written denial arguably needed to trigger the Side A DIC coverage.
Similarly, if a Side ABC carrier declines coverage, but will not put that declination into the form of a written refusal to indemnify, 60 days is a long time to wait for coverage to be triggered – especially in the heat of settlement negotiations.
Second, when a DIC claim is ripe and presented to the Side A DIC carrier, the carrier may assert the same defenses as the underlying carrier. For example, some Side A DIC policies include a “reasonable consent” to settlement clause that could be argued to preclude coverage for a settlement reached prior to declaring a DIC event. Such a position would contradict the very purpose of the DIC trigger (immediate, automatic protection for individual D’s and O’s when the underlying carrier fails to indemnify); and certainly the right of the DIC carrier to pursue subrogation against the non-performing underlying insurer should protect the DIC carrier from any prejudice in this regard. The same would be true of an “uninsurable loss” defense or the defense of a failure to protect the insurer’s rights to subrogation, or any of the limited number of exclusions in the policy. In reality, there is no valid reason the Side A DIC policy should have any exclusions beyond a personal conduct/final adjudication exclusion and a narrow insured vs. insured exclusion (such as the version found in the CODA policy.).
Considering these issues, policyholders and brokers would be well-served to utilize placement or renewal negotiations to clarify the language of Side A DIC drop-down clauses, and negotiate to remove consent to settlement provisions, onerous duties in connection with subrogation rights, all but one or two exclusions, and “insurability” exceptions to the Loss definition. Also, to avoid disputes over 60 day window or consent clauses, it helps to keep Side A DIC carriers in the loop on discussion with Side ABC carriers and on settlement efforts in the underlying litigation. These steps may help minimize the strain associated with a D&O cramdown.
Peter Gillon, Eric Gold
Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman
July 2017
[i] 8 Del C. §§ 145 (b). There remains the question of whether the corporation may advance the cost of defending the director or officer against derivative claims, which the leading treatises and at least one court has answered in the affirmative. See Balotti & Finkelstein, Delaware Law of Corporations & Business Organizations § 4.12 (3d ed. 2009)(“It is important to keep in mind the distinctions between indemnification with respect to third-party actions and indemnification with respect to derivative actions. Section 145(b) permits indemnification only of expenses in derivative suits and does not authorize indemnification of judgments or amounts paid in settlement in derivative suits.”), quoted in dicta by now Chief Justice Strine in In Re Massey Energy Company Derivative and Class Action Litigation, C.A. No. 5430-VCS (Del. Ch. May 31, 2011).
[ii] The CODA policy defines “Loss” as “any and all amounts that the Insureds are legally obligated to pay by reason of a Claim made against the Insureds for any Wrongful Act,” including Defense Costs and settlements. “Underlying Insurance” is defined as the underlying tower of D&O policies providing ABC coverage.