In one of the largest U.S. securities class action lawsuit settlements ever, the Brazilian-based energy company Petrobras has agreed to settle the bribery and corruption-related securities class action lawsuit pending against the company in the Southern District of New York for $2.95 billion. The settlement, which is subject to court approval, resolves only the claims of Petrobras investors who purchased the company’s securities in the U.S.; it does not resolve the claims of investors who purchased Petrobras securities in Brazil. The settlement resolves the case just before the U.S. Supreme Court was to consider whether to take up a cert petition in which the defendants sought to have the high court address class certification issues in the case. The company’s January 3, 2017 press release describing the settlement can be found here. The plaintiffs’ lawyers’ January 3, 2017 press release about the settlement can be found here.
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Kevin LaCroix
Kevin M. LaCroix is an attorney and Executive Vice President, RT ProExec, a division of RT Specialty. RT ProExec is an insurance intermediary focused exclusively on management liability issues.
Top Ten D&O Stories of 2017
The world of directors’ and officers’ liability is always dynamic, but 2017 was a particularly eventful year in the D&O liability arena. The year’s many developments have significant implications for what may lie ahead in 2018 – and possibly for years to come. I have set out below the Top Ten D&O stories of 2017, with an eye to these future possibilities.
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Securities Suit Filings at Historically High Levels During 2017
More securities class action lawsuits were filed in 2017 than in any year since 2001, in significant part because of the substantial number of federal court merger objection lawsuit filings during the year. But even disregarding the merger suits and looking only at the traditional securities lawsuits, the number of lawsuit filings was at the highest level since at least 2004. While the elevated numbers of lawsuit filings is noteworthy, it is the litigation rate – that is, the number of securities suits relative to the number of public companies – that is most significant. According to my estimate, the litigation rate during 2017 was at all-time record levels.
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Cryptocurrency-Related Securities Lawsuits: A Litigation Filing Trend for the New Year?
Even after the precipitous drop this past Friday in the price of Bitcoin and other digital currencies, the developments during the past several months involving cryptocurrencies have to be one of the year’s top business stories. While news articles about digital currencies focus on the dramatic rise this year in the price of Bitcoin or on the recent wave of initial coin offerings (ICOs), part of this year’s cryptocurrency story has to include the SEC’s increasingly active approach to policing digital currency trading, as well as the rising numbers of lawsuits filed against cryptocurrency sponsors. As I have noted in prior posts, in recent weeks claimants have filed a number of cryptocurrency-related securities lawsuits. Late last week, investors filed two more of these lawsuits, one involving an ICO company and the other involving a publicly traded blockchain consulting company.
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Uncompleted ICO Draws Securities Class Action Lawsuit
In the latest of what is beginning to look like a wave of ICO-related securities lawsuit filings, would-be investors who made pre-offering investments in Monkey Capital’s promised but uncompleted ICO have filed a securities class action lawsuit in the Southern District of Florida against the company and its principals, alleging that the company’s pre-offering sale of options to purchase coins or tokens in the offering represented the sale unregistered securities in violation of the federal securities laws. A copy of the plaintiffs’ December 19, 2017 complaint can be found here.
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Guest Post: Directors Beware: The EU’s General Data Protection Regulation Is Upon Us!

The European Union General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is scheduled to go into effect in May 2018. This directive has significant implications for any company that offers product or services to EU residents. In the following guest post, Keith B. Daniels, Jr., Esq., an attorney and the founder of CyberCounsel, takes a detailed look at the EU directive and reviews its implications for affected companies and their insurers. I would like to thank Keith for allowing me to publish his article on my site. I welcome guest post submissions from responsible authors on topics of interest to this blog’s readers. Please contact me directly if you would like to submit a guest post. Here is Keith’s article.
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The Increasing Importance of Reps and Warranties Insurance in M&A Deals
As I have previously noted (most recently here), Reps and Warranties Insurance is an increasingly indispensable part of M&A deals. While this observation has been true for some time now, a competitive marketplace for Reps and Warranties Insurance has increased the relevance and significance of the insurance as part of corporate deal-making. An interesting December 11, 2017 Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance and Financial Regulation article entitled “Representations and Warranties Insurance in M&A Transactions” (here) takes a look at the current state of play for Reps & Warranties Insurance in the M&A arena and examines the benefits the insurance affords for M&A transaction parties. The article also examines the insurance’s limitations as well as possible ways to address these constraints.
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D&O Insurance: Coverage Carve-Backs in the Insured vs. Insured Exclusion
A standard exclusion found in most private company directors and officers insurance policies precludes coverage for claims brought by one insured against another insured – the so-called Insured vs. Insured exclusion. The exclusion typically includes several coverage carve-backs preserving coverage for certain types of claims for which the exclusion would otherwise preclude coverage. One relatively standard coverage carve-back preserves coverage for claims brought by a former director or officer after the individual’s service to the company terminated. While the inclusion of this type of coverage carve-back is fairly standard, the wording of the carve-back can and sometimes does vary in ways that can significantly affect whether or not coverage is available for particular claims.
In a December 13, 2017 decision (here), Central District of California Dean D. Pregerson concluded that an underlying dispute between a former director and his former company did not fall within the coverage carve-back to the Insured vs. Insured exclusion in the company’s D&O insurance policy and therefore that there was no coverage under policy for the underlying claim. The decision highlights the importance of the specific language used in the coverage carve-back.
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Another ICO Draws a Securities Class Action Lawsuit
According to news reports, the amount raised through Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs) in 2017 now exceeds $4 billion. This surge of activity has drawn the attention of regulators. The SEC is clearly stepping up its ICO-related enforcement activity. ICOs are also drawing the attention of securities class action plaintiffs’ attorneys. As I noted in a prior post, plaintiffs’ attorneys have filed several securities class action lawsuits in connection with the Tezos ICO early this year. Now plaintiff attorneys have filed yet another ICO-related securities class action lawsuit, in this case involving the high-profile and controversial Centra Tech ICO.
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Yet Another Data Breach-Related Securities Suit Filed
While commentators (like me) were predicting a blitz of data breach-related D&O litigation, the anticipated onslaught failed to materialize. The few cases that were filed –in the form of shareholder derivative suits — were unsuccessful. More recently, however, plaintiffs’ lawyers have been taking a different approach to data breach-related D&O lawsuits, filing their cases in the form of securities class action lawsuits. These more recent suits involve cases against Equifax (about which refer here) and PayPal (here). Now plaintiffs’ lawyers have filed yet another data breach-related securities suit, this one against Qudian, a Chinese company that just completed its IPO in October 2017.
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